Lesson 2: Introduction to Traits and Heredity (~35 minutes)

Lesson 2: Introduction to Traits and Heredity (~35 minutes)

제2강 : 특질과 유전형질 소개

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1. Introduction

들어가기

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Here is the incomplete concept map for Lesson 1.	미완성의 개념 지도, 링크 참조
Video play time for this lesson is ~32 minutes. You can download the videos in this lesson from the class wiki page to view offline. Remember to check out other resources in the class wiki. There's a lot of vocabulary in this course, and you can find a glossary of terms here.	이번 강의 비디오를 다운로드 할 수 있다. 또 어휘가 많이 나오는데 링크의 용어집 참조한다
The goal of this course is to teach the basic principles of genetics. Any medical examples given by instructors or interviewees are meant solely to illustrate these principles. Any statements made in these examples are for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be used for any diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.	이 코스의 목적은, 유전학의 기본 원리를 가르치는 것이다
You should always seek the advice of your physician or other health care provider for any questions you may have regarding diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation, or treatment of any disease or other medical condition.

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-2	Let's get started with Tales from the Genome.
0	>> We're really excited that you've decided to join
3	us on our exploration of the human experience through biology.	생물학에 관한 인류의 지식을 탐험
6	>> We really hope that this going to
7	be an awesome learning odysee that just might
10	change the way you think about yourself and
12	others in a fundamental way. For example, whether
15	you know it or not, the objects in
17	these two images are intimately related. The image
20	on the right, I think you already know what that is. But the image on the left,	오른쪽 : 아기사진
23	represents a DNA molecule, the substance that	왼쪽 : DNA 분자
26	makes up all of our genomes. All living
28	things including you, are created from their
31	genomes which are a set of genetic instructions.	지놈 : 일련의 유전학적 지시의 집합
34	>> That seems pretty mechanical to me.
36	>> Well it is, sort of, Biology is just Chemistry that crawls.
40	>> So you mean like chemistry that comes to life. Well yeah, what I mean
44	is that every physical aspect of who you are is deeply rooted in the chemical
49	engineering processes that interprets the information	지놈의 정보를 번역하는 화학적 엔지니어링 프로세스에 기반하여, 우리의 신체의 특징이 결정된다
51	within your genome. Together with environmental
54	influence, your genome and unique development,
56	the chemistry of you is what brought
58	you to where you are today. But, I am a psychology person. So
62	it's not just the physical aspects, right? What about our feeling and behaviors?
65	>> Well, your physical aspects. You size,
68	your metabolism. Even your behaviors and your interests.	신체적 관점은, 물질대사 뿐 아니라 행동과 관심도 포함하고
71	>> So even the personality traits, too.	성격 특성도 포함한다
73	>> Exactly. These
74	are all deeply influenced by your genome's instructions. If you	이런 것이 지놈 지시에 영향 받는다
78	were to zoom into your body. You would see that you
80	are made up of trillions of individual cells, all different,	우리 몸을 확대해 보면, 수조개의 세포로 구성된 것을 볼수 있다
84	because they read different parts of your genome's instructions. Some are	세포는 지놈 지시의 다양한 부분을 읽기 때문에 각기 다르다
88	skin cells that use melanin to protect you from UV	피부 세포는 멜라닌(색소)를 자외선으로부터 보호하기 위해 사용한다
90	rays from the sun. Some are stomach cells that help you	위 세포는 소화를 돕는다
93	digest products that you eat and drink. Others are red
96	blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of your body.	적혈구는 산소를 운반한다
100	All of these cells and more. Use your genomes instructions
103	to build who you are. You are a giant conglomeration of
107	cells, all meticulously reading the book of instructions to keep you
110	alive and functioning. Forming the basis for all of your traits.
113	>> Now, this course will help you relate your traits to this book
116	of instruction. And show you some really amazing life stories along the way.

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2. Concept Map

개념지도

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Here is the incomplete concept map for Lesson 1.

미완성 개념지도이다

-3	To help you learn new material, we created a unique
-1	concept map for each lesson. Here's an incomplete map for lesson
4	1 that you can also download from the instructor's notes.	미완성 개념지도 다운로드
8	Print it out or just keep it handy, and see if
10	you can fill in the empty blanks. As you go	빈칸 채울수 있다
13	along. At the end of the lesson there will be an
16	opportunity for you to fill in the missing words to see	마지막에 완성된 버전을 볼 수 있다
19	a complete version. If you prefer to have the complete version
22	as you go through the lesson just skip to the end of this lesson and
25	look in the instructor's notes for the
27	complete concept map of Lesson One. I highly	완성된 개념지도는 이 강의 마지막에 있다
30	encourage you to try using the incomplete
31	version now though. Filling in your own notes
34	as the lesson progresses and then checking out
36	the completed map at the end after finishing.

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3. Describe Yourself

우리 자신에 대해

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Here is the incomplete concept map for Lesson 1. See the word cloud in greater detail.

-3	This course is about me. It's about you. It's about all of us,
0	really. It's about how our genomes, or	지놈 또는 유전학적 지시에 관한 것이다
2	our genetic instructions, shape who we are.
5	>> So to help, we've asked five people to
7	join us and share their life stories throughout this course.
10	And hopefully, through them, you'll see how our genome can
13	manifest different traits that can profoundly shape our lives. Yes.	어떻게 지놈이 다양한 특질을 생성하는지
17	>> As we follow their personal journeys, we hope
20	you'll begin to connect real stories with real traits.	실재 특질과 실재 발현을 연결할 수 있다
22	>> So let's hear your story. Give us five words. One
26	in each one of these boxes, to describe who you are.	박스에 자신에 대해 설명하는 5개의 단어를 입력해 보라

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-3	Here's a word cloud of student responses. Now if
0	you've never seen a word cloud before, the way
2	it works is the bigger the word, the more	글자가 크면 학급생들이 더 많이 제출한 단어이다
4	often it was submitted by you and your fellow classmates.
7	>> Now, obviously, different people describe themselves in different ways,
11	so look at the word cloud and see if there's any
13	words that you use to describe yourself. If not, that just
16	means not than many people use the same words you use.

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4. Traits

특질

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-3	When you think about ways to describe yourself, Lauren, what do you think about?
1	>> Well, there's physical traits, like, you know, height or body shape, and	신체적 특질은, 키, 체형, 그리고
6	then, well, there's personality traits like extroversion	성격 특질은 외향적, 내향적 그리고
10	or introversion, and then there's my interests,
13	so like music or art. So there are many features we could use	음악이나 미술에 관한 관심 같은 것이다
17	to describe an individual, and we call
19	these traits. Traits are any distinguishing feature
23	of an individual. For example, Lauren, if you had
26	to describe yourself in three traits, what would you say?	자신에 대해 세가지 특질을 든다면?
28	>> well, I have light hair. I'm outgoing. And I'm really into psychology.	머리색, 외향적 성격 그리고 심리학에 관한 관심
35	>> Yeah, absolutely. I think I would say that I'm tall, I'm pretty friendly,
42	outgoing as well, and I'm a huge lover of the Zelda series of video
48	games from Nintendo.
49	>> So, are you saying that all of our traits
51	come from our genome? Well to a certain extent we're
54	saying that all of these attributes are traits, but the
58	extent to which they're influenced by our genome is variable.
61	>> Okay, because I was going to say, things like
63	my personal interests I don't think come from the genome.
65	>> Sure. I mean things like height are, are
68	things that we suspect would have a major genetic component.	키는 주요 유전학적 요인이지만
73	whereas my general love of video games, probably	비디오 게임을 좋아하는 특질은 아마
75	has less to do with my genetics, and a	유전학과 덜 연관이 있고 나의 환경과 더 관련있다
77	lot more to do with my environment. For our
80	purposes in this course, we'll use three main categorizations
83	for traits. We'll have physical vs. behavioral traits,	신체적 특질과 행동학적 특질이 있다
87	visible vs. hidden traits. An innate versus learned traits.	가시적 특질과 비가시적 특질이 있다. 타고난 것과 학습되는 특질이 있다
92	So let's see if you can classify height for	키는
94	each of this categories. Is it physical or behavioral?	신체적인가 행동학적 인가
98	Is it visible or is it hidden? Or is it	가시적인가 비가시적인가
100	innate or is it learned? Check out the boxes that apply.	타고나는가 학습되는가

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-3	Height is something that's physical, not behavioral. It's	신체적이고 행동학적이지 않고
0	visible not hidden and it's inate not learned.	가시적이고 비가시적이지 않으며, 타고나지 학습되지 않는다

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5. Ambiguity

양면성, 모호성

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See the word cloud in greater detail.

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-3	Not every trait fits neatly into one category	모든 특질이 깔끔하게 하나의 범주에 분류되지는 않는다
0	or another. For example, height is something that
3	we can pretty easily identify as being physical,	키는 쉽게 신체적 특질로 분류되지만
7	but something like intelligence is something that's a	지능 같은 것은
10	little more harder to categorize. Intelligence might be	분류하기 더 어렵다
13	something that you describe as behavioral and not	신체적이라기 보다는 행동학적으로 설명할 수도 있다
16	physical, unless you define it by the number
19	or pattern of neuroconnections in the brain In	뉴런 연결의 패턴이나 수치로 정의하면 좀더 신체적 특질로 간주될 수도 있다
22	which case that might seem more physical. It could also
25	be visible or hidden, depending on whether you look at	가시적인지 비가시적인지는
28	the product of intelligence or the abstract nature of it.	지능이나 추상적 본질의 산출물을 보이느냐에 달려있다
32	It is also still debated how much intelligence may be learned,	지능이 학습으로 얼마나 높아지는지 또는 얼마나 타고나는지는 논란이 있다
36	or how much of it may be innate. Can you
38	think of another trait that is hard to define in these
41	categories? Try to use a one word answer and remember,
45	there's no right or wrong response here. Just want to get
47	you to think about which traits could be hard to catagorize.	그외에 어떤 특질이 범주로 구분하기가 어려울까

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-3	So a couple that I came up with are work ethic,
0	which can be kind of hard to categorize between learned and
3	innate. Cancer can sometimes be difficult to know if it's visible
7	or hidden, right, it depends on which level we're talking about
10	at the cellular or the total body level. Then you have
13	something like aggression, which can be hard to define as behavioral	적대적 행동은
16	or physical. That may be behavior you show, but the outcome	행동학적이지만 결과는
20	is physical, and so it might be how we quantify it.	신체적인데 어떻게 계량화 할수 있는가
23	Here's actually a word cloud of student responses
26	that you and your fellow classmates submitted. Remember that
29	in a word cloud, the bigger the word,
31	the more it was submitted by your fellow students
33	as a trait that's difficult to distinguish in
36	one of our three categories here. Look around the
38	list and see if you agree if some of
41	these traits are difficult to define in these categories

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6. Physical vs Behavioral

신체적 또는 행동학적 특질

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-3	Let's briefly explore the difference between physical and behavioral traits.	신체적 특질과 행동학적 특질의 차이
1	By physical, we mean anything that's defined by our material makeup.	신체적인 특질은 우리의 물질적 구성에 관계되고
5	>> And behavioral traits describe how we	행동학적 특질은
8	act or interact with the world around us.	우리 주변과 상호작용으로 볼수 있다
10	>> Check out this footage that we shot
13	here at Udacity with some of our colleagues.
17	this is totally awesome.
18	>> Can I try it?
21	>> You bet.
22	>>
27	yuck is there broccoli in here?
29	>> Yeah.
29	>> I think I taste broccoli, broccoli is disgusting.
32	>> Taking the person who really disliked the broccoli. Can you	브로콜리를 실어하는 사람이 있다
36	name one physical and behavioral trait that they showed in this scenario?	신체적 특질인지 행동학적 특질인지 하나를 정할 수 있는가

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-3	The specific taste of the food is generally described as	음식에 대한 특정 미각은 일반적으로
0	a physical trait. Which is determined gby the taste buds.	신체적인 특질로 분류한다
3	>> But, notice the reaction to the taste. Yuck,	하지만, 미각에 의한 반응을 보자면
6	said the person. That response is considered a behaviroral trait.	이런 반응은 행동학적 특질로 분류된다

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7. Visible vs Hidden

가시적 비가시적

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-3	Believe it or not, the way you perceive taste is	못믿을 수도 있지만 맛을 느끼는 것은
0	in fact determined genetically a lot of times because it	유전학적으로 결정된다
2	has to do with your taste bud receptors. But not	미각 수용기에 따르기 때문이다
5	all traits can easily be distinguished as visible or hidden.	그러나 모든 특질이 가시적, 또는 비가시적으로 구별되는 것은 아니다
9	>> That's true, and sometimes it can be really
11	hard to tell. Let's take Andy here for example.
15	>> Hi Andy.
15	>> Hi.
15	>> You see these beautiful big blue eyes?
18	[INAUDIBLE]
20	So the presence of these big blue eyes are obviously a visible trait.	푸른눈은 가시적인 특질이다
23	>> But there's something about Andy that you	그러나 낌새를 채기 어렵고
26	may not suspect, and we can't see on	바깥에서는 볼수 없는 어떤 것이 있다
28	the outside. If we had an x-ray machine,
30	and we looked inside the mid-section of his body,	X-선 기계로 그의 몸의 내부를 보면
33	we would be able to see that his	대부분 사람들과 기관이 실재로 반대인 것을
35	organs are actually flipped the opposite direction from most	볼수도 있다
38	people. This is a syndrome called Situs Inversus,	이런 증후는 Situs Inversus (위치 반전) 라고 불린다
42	where all of the organs are flipped, left-right to	모든 기관들이 대칭으로 좌-우가 바뀌어 있다
45	be the opposite symmetry.
46	>> Now you'd never know this about Andy because this
49	is a trait that's not easily visible by the unaided eye.	이런 특질은 쉽게 보이지 않기 때문에 앤디에 관해 이런 특질이 있는지 우리는 알지 못한다
52	>> So why don't you actually think about two
54	traits you have, one that's visible and one that's
56	hidden, and enter them text boxes here. And if
59	you can, try to limit your respnses to one word.

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-3	Here are two word clouds of what you students think of as visible	두개의 낱말 구름이 있는데
0	and hidden traits about yourselves. Remember,	하나는 가시적 특질이고 다른 하나는 비가시적 특질에 대한 학생들의 생각이다
3	the bigger the word, the more often	큰 글씨는 더 많이 학급생들이 입력한 것이다
5	it was entered by your fellow classmates. And if you don't see the
8	word that you entered up here, then you've got a pretty unique response.	입력한 단어가 보이지 않는다면 매우 희귀한 대답을 한 것이다

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8. Learned vs Innate

학습된 또는 타고난 특질

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-3	Some traits can be obvious and distinguish easily	어떤 특질은 쉽게 학습된 것인지 타고난 것인지 구별된다
0	in whether they are learned or innate
4	To help us illustrate this concept a little bit better. We have
5	asked some udacious friends to come in today and talk
7	to us for a bit. This is Clifton and
9	Eduardo and I am pretty sure both these guys have
12	the innate ability to speak, don't you guys?
13	>> Yeah off course.
14	>> I am pretty sure these words are coming from my mouth.
16	>> Okay, great, and based on their answers I would also
19	assume they would understand me if I were to speak in
21	english. And say science is amazing, because they both learned how
25	to speak English, but Clifton here also knows how to speak Mandarin.	영어에 더해 클리프톤은 만다린어를 할줄 안다
29	>>
29	[mandarin]
30	[mandarin]
31	>> And, what does that mean, exactly?
32	>> Oh, it just means, Science is amazing, in Mandarin.	과학은 대단하다라는 만다린어를 했다
35	>> Clifton can do that because he learned to speak both
37	Mandarin and English. But, he may not understand Spanish, let's say.	만다린어와 영어를 하지만, 스페인어는 모를 것이다
42	>>
42	[spanish]
44	What?
44	>> Exactly.
46	>> That just means science is amazing in Spanish.	스페인어로 과학은 대단해 였다
48	>> Okay, now I want you guys, see
51	if you can have a conversation with each other.
57	>>
57	[FOREIGN]
57	>> okay guys. How's it going? Are you able to understand each other?
60	>> Not really. That's because you both have the
63	innate ability to speak, but you've learned different languages.	말하는 능력은 타고났지만, 언어는 다른 것을 학습하였다
66	>> Another good example of a learned trait is something	또다른 학습된 특질은
69	like religious belief or cultural practice. Usually, people believe in a	종교적인 믿음 또는 문화적인 관습이 있다
73	religion that they were raised in, but later in life, they	사람들은 자신이 자란 곳의 종교를 믿는다
76	can adopt a different religion, or even no religion at all.	그러나 살면서 다른 종교를 받아들일수 있다
79	>> Another example would be music. You can perceive music and	음악의 경우, 우리는 음악을 이해할 수 있다
82	then you can have music that you like. Which one do you think is more	그리고 음악을 좋아하는 것을 선택할 수 있다
86	of a learned trait and which one do you think is more of an innate trait?	두가지 중에 어떤것이 학습된 특질이고 어떤것이 타고난 특질에 더 가까울까

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-3	So the ability to perceive music is actually an	음악을 이해하는 것은 타고난 특질이다
0	innate trait. And the fact that I love Broadway show	그리고 브로드웨이쇼나 디즈니 음악을 좋아하는 것은 학습된 특질이다
2	tunes and Disney songs is a learned trait. Because it's
5	what I was exposed to as I was growing up.	자라면서 노출된 것이기 때문이다
7	>> And I like George Strait, or the Donnas, or
10	Steve Miller Band. But we all have our own taste.

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9. Versions of Traits

다양한 특질

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-3	For any trait, there are usually variations.	어떤 특질에는 변형이 있다
-1	>> So wait, are you talking about things
1	like eye color, like blue, green, brown, hazel.
4	>> Right, exactly. Eye color is an example of a single trait,
7	but for that one trait you can have different versions or variants;	하나의 특질에는 다양한 버전이나 변형을 갖을 수 있다
11	brown, green, blue. Variation is a huge theme in this course. And	변형은 이 강좌에서 큰 주제이다
16	it's important to recognize that different
18	people have different perspectives on different variations.	다양한 사람들이 여러 변형에 대해 다양한 관점을 갖고 있다
21	>> It's true,
22	I guess. I've always liked hazel eyes.	나는 항상 적갈색 눈을 좋아해 왔다
24	>> And why have you always liked hazel eyes?
26	>> I don't know. I just think they're better.
28	>> And I guess that's sort of
29	what we're talking about. The word better sometimes
32	implies that there's a good or bad eye color to begin with. We don't really want
36	to do that. For the most part, good
38	and bad shouldn't be used to reference personal	대부분의 경우 좋고 나쁘다는 개인적인 선호도를 언급할때는 사용되지 않는다
41	preference. Instead, for our course, we'll reserve the	대신 이 강좌에서는 나쁘다는 용어는
44	word bad only for variations of traits that	특질의 변형에서
47	cause serious health conditions, or even fatality.	심각한 건강 상태의 원인이 될 때로 한정한다
49	>> Fair enough. So I want to know what
52	you think. What traits are better or worse than	어떤 특질이 더 낫거나 더 나쁘거나 한가
55	other traits? These can be physical, personality or behavioral	이런 것은 신체적, 성격적 또는 행동학적 특질인가
59	traits. List one in each one of these boxes.

***

-3	Here are two word clouds of traits that you and your fellow
-1	students submitted as either better or worse. Now, I want you to
3	take a moment to look at both word clouds and see if
6	you find any traits that you disagree with being in that category.	어떤 특질들은 그 범주에 들어가 있는 것에 동의하지 않을수 있다
10	>> The idea that some traits are good or bad	어떤 특질이 좋거나 바쁘다는 생각은
14	is really subjective and can be very sensitive for some	다분히 주관적이며 그리고 어떤 사람에게는 매우 민감할 수도 있다
17	people if they have a trait that others consider bad.
20	So I want you to be respectful as we go through	그래서 수업을 하면서 많은 사람들이
22	our course and hear from different people with many different kinds of	서로다른 특질을 가지고 있음을 알게될수록
25	traits and remember to show that same respect to your fellow classmates.	서로 존중해야 한다

***

10. The Five

5명

***

-3	The core idea behind defining all of our traits is the idea that
0	we're not just one trait, but a collection of all of our traits together.	우리는 하나의 특질만 가지고 있지않고 특질의 집합이다
4	>> We all have our own stories about	다양한 특질을 가지고 살아가는 우리자신의
7	what it's like to live with different traits,	이야기를 가지고 있다
9	and we're all different because of the environment	어떤 특질의 조합이나 살아가는 환경의 차이로 우리는 모두 다르다
11	we live in or certain combination of traits.
13	>> And help us on our journey
15	of understanding the biological basis for many of	우리의 특질에 대한 생물학적 기초를 이해하는 여정
17	our traits. We're going to be sharing personal	우리는 개인들로부터 개인적 이야기를 공유할 것이다
19	stories from individuals from all walks of life.
22	>> We've
22	recruited five people that we're going to talk	이 강의에 전반에 걸쳐 이야기를 나눌
24	to extensively throughout the whole course, and see	5명을 선정하였다
27	what it's like to live with their certain	어떤 특질을 가지고 사는지
29	traits, and how these traits affect their life.	또 어떻게 삶에 영향을 주는지
31	>> Our group of five individuals consists of a visible and hidden traits	5명의 개인은 가시적이거나 비가시적인 특질을 가지고 있다
36	That have come to shape who they are in both small and big ways.
40	>> By the end of this course, you'll be familiar	강의 종료시점에는
43	with the particular traits these individuals represent, and the biological	특정한 특질과
47	significance of having these variations.	이러한 변형이 지니는 생물학적 중요성에 친숙해 질 것이다
50	>> You know, let's, let's go meet 'em.	만나보자
53	>> Let's do it.

***

11. Meet Some Friends

5명 소개

***

-3	Hey, I'm Sterling Tadlock, and I'm from	스터링 타드록
-1	North Carolina, and I was adopted after birth.
3	>> I'm Ryan Salvador, I'm from Maryland, and I'm lactose intolerant.	라이언 살바도르 이고, 젖당을 소화시키지 못한다
8	>> I'm Carol Kushnir, I'm from Woodside, California, and I had the BROCA two	캐롤 쿠시니
15	mutation. Which predisposes me to the possibility of breast or ovarian cancer.	유방이나 난소암 가능성이 있다
21	>> I
23	am Kagure Kabue, I'm from Kenya and I have dark skin,skin	카구어 카부
28	pigmentation as well as being preliminary that has a high frequency of sickle	피부착색과 원형낫 세포의 빈도가 높다
34	cell. I am Ginny Foos originally from Boston, but now from the	기니 푸스
39	Bay area. I have achondroplasia which is the most common form dwarfism.	소인증에서 나타나는 공통적인 형태의 연골발육 부전증이 있다
43	>> Great thank you so much for being here you know,
46	as we go throughout the course we are going to talk a lot
48	about in depth the biology of the traits that you
51	guys are here to represent for us. We are going
53	to teach gene regulation. We're going to teach inheritance patterns and	유전 인자의 규칙에 대해 가르친다
57	dominance. We're going to teach about mutations and complex traits, as well	유전 패턴과 우성에 대해 가르친다. 변형과 복잡한 특질 그리고
61	as how to trace our lineage and family ancestry. and	어떻게 가게와 가족 계보를 찾는지 가르친다
65	as we get on this journey to do this, it's
67	probably a good idea for us to maybe better define
70	the traits that we have. And that's not an easy process.	쉽지않은 과정이다
73	Sometimes we have traits and, we may think they fit neatly	때때로 특질들이 어떤 범주에 딱 들어맞을 수 있다고 생각할 수 있지만
76	in certain categories, but then we start thinking about them in	그나나 다양한 방식으로 생각해 보아야 하고
79	different ways. And we think it's not so simple anymore. So,	단순하지가 않다
82	for anyone who's interested, I want you to sort of take
84	the trait that you're sort of here to talk to us
86	about in this course. And I want you to try to
89	tell me, first if you think your trait is visible or	먼저 가시적인지 비가시적인지
93	hidden, and then physical or behavioral, and then innate or learned.	그리고 신체적인지 행동학적인지, 또 타고난 것인지 학습된 것인지 생각해 보자
98	And let's start with Jenny over here. What do you	제니
100	think about that? Do you think you're what's a what's a
102	[CROSSTALK]
102	>> I think my trait is visual, visible.	가시적이고
105	>>
105	[LAUGH]
105	Visible, huh?
106	>> Visible, yes. I think that my, it, it's a physical issue. And at	신체적 문제
113	times an emotional issue. and I think it has shaped who I am, in a good way.
121	>> Absolutely. Kugaray, what do you think? Tell us about let's focus on	구가라이
126	skin pigmentation. Would you classify that as a visible or a hidden trait?	피부착색은 가시적인가 비가시적인가
129	>> Visible.	가시적이다
130	>> Visible,
131	in general.
132	>> Yes, a visible trait
134	[UNKNOWN]
134	Physical or behavioral?	신체적인가 행동학적인가
136	>> Physical.	신체적이다
137	>> And innate or learned?	타고난 것인가 학습된 것인가
139	>> It's innate.	타고난 것이다
142	>> Innate. Right.
142	[CROSSTALK]
142	So, pretty, that's more of a, I guess, more of
145	a straightforward kind of like, achondroplasia and dwarfism. You know,	연골발육부전증과 소인증은
149	they sort of fit into more easily defined categories. Carol,	좀더 쉽게 범주가 정의된다
153	tell us a little bit about a BRCA 2 mutation.
155	[INAUDIBLE]
156	>> Well, BRCA2 mutation is invisible, and I	이 돌연변이는 비가시적이다
162	didn't know I had BRCA2 mutation. And I, it's invisible.
170	>> Mm-hm.
171	>> And I did take steps once I found out. Took,
178	I took steps to address
182	the issue.
182	>> Mm-hm. Are there any would you describe, obviously this seems
187	to be an innate trait, right? It's not anything you could change.	타고난 특질로서 바꿀수 없다
192	>> Right.
192	>> And and is most likely a
194	physical trait. And it manifests physically, not behaviorally.	신체적 특질이고 행동학적 특질이 아니다
197	[INAUDIBLE]
198	>> Right.
198	>> In any real way.
199	>> It could manifest, basically.
200	>> It could. Exactly.
201	>> Right now, it doesn't.
202	>> Right, so it's sort of a little unclear, like,
204	whether or not it will have an effect or it won't.
207	>> Right.
207	>> All right. Ryan, what about lactose intolerance?	라이언, 락토오스(젖당) 과민증은
210	>> So in terms of visibility, that's a little trickier	용어상 가시적인 것처럼 느껴지나
213	because it's not, you can't tell by looking at me that	그렇게 보이지는 않는다
216	it, that I'm lactose intolerant. But if you watch me, you
220	can, you can tell, kind of by my choices that I make
223	while I'm eating. If I'm at a restaurant with friends,	내가 먹을때 알수는 있다
225	then you might be able to see, why aren't you eating	피자를 먹지 않거나
226	that pizza. Or why are you taking a pill while	음식을 먹을때 약을 먹기도 하는데
228	you're eating your food. So that sense it's visible and hidden.	가시적인가 비가시적인가
232	>> Hm.
233	>> But it's definitely.
234	>> What about physical or behavioral as sort of the.	신체적인가 또는 행동학적인가
237	>> Yeah, that's the same thing. So it's. Definitely the trait itself
241	is physical, but it can manifest beha, it, it changes your behavior.	신체적이지만 행동을 변화시킨다
245	>> Very interesting. And this is something learned or innate?	학습된 것인가 또는 타고난 것인가
248	>> it's definitely innate, but you learn that you have it.	타고난 것이지만 그 증상이 있다고 학습한다
253	>>
253	[LAUGH]
254	Exactly. And Sterling, what about adoption, that's	스터링, 입양은
257	sort of a tricky kind of trait.	특질은 아닌 것 같다
258	>>
258	[LAUGH]
259	Wow, it, it's hard to define that as as a trait, because I have a whole host of
264	traits that are all physical, hidden, innate, learned
272	they fall into both categories, from all the traits that
275	I have, I just don't know. You know my biological
278	relatives, if they also had those traits and what, how
281	their genetics contributed to the traits that I'm now expressing.

***

12. Populations

인구

***

-3	Although we each have our own set of traits, sometimes	우리 자신의 특질을 가지고 있지만 가끔
0	it's useful to think about traits among a population of	인구 속에서 특질을 생각해 보는 것이 도움이 된다
2	individuals. For example, a population is a particular group or	인구는 어떤 지역의 특정그룹 또는 특정 유형의 사람들 이다
7	type of people in an area. So although there are
10	many ways to identify a population, a common metric is	인구는 일반적으로 지리적으로 표시할 수 있다
13	geography, as you can see here, with a map of
16	the world. Just as people and families share common traits	국민들이나 가족이 공통의 특질을 갖는다
19	because they're genetically related and they share a common environment.	유전학적으로 관계가 있고 공통의 환경을 공유하기 때문이다
23	Some geographic populations share common traits because, like	어떤 지리학적 인구는 공통의 특질을 공유한다
26	families, they're also genetically related and share a common
30	environment. For example. Here's a map of the
33	world, divided by countries, showing you the breakdown for	여기 지도가 있는데 국가별로 나뉘어 있다
38	the trait of sex. For our purposes, sex	성별 특질로 분류한 것을 볼수 있다
41	simply means whether or not you have male or
43	female reproductive organs. Now, it is true that
46	it's possible to have both male and female reproductive	양쪽 남성 여성 생식기를 갖는 것이 가능하다는 것은 사실이다
49	parts, and those are called intersex individuals. But for	이것은 간성이라고 불린다
52	our purposes we're only going to consider two categories in	다만, 여기서는 두개의 범주로 한정한다
55	the meantime. In our world map here, the redder
59	a country seems, the more males to females it has	붉은 색의 국가는 남성이 더 많다
62	in its population. And the more blue a country	푸른 색의 국가는 여성이 더 많은 국가이다
65	appears, the more females to males you have in that
68	country. The closer it is to a more neutral
71	color, white. So a, a lighter blue, a lighter red.
74	Or a white color, in fact. This means that the male and female ratio is	흰색은 남성 여성 비율이 거의 동일하다
79	roughly equal. So what I want you to do is look at the map here and
83	tell me. Which two geographic regions in the map here have the highest imbalance	이 지도에서 가장 불균형의 지리학적 지역 두 군데는 어디인가
88	of either males or females? Is it Canada, Russia.	캐나다, 러시아 인가
94	China, Saudi Arabia, Australia, or Brazil. Remember, I want	중국, 사우디아라비아, 오스트레일리아, 아니면 브라질 인가
99	you to pick two geographic regions that have the highest	단, 두군데의 지리학적 지역을 선택하라
102	imbalance of either males or females. Remember to use the
106	legend over here and look at the map to see	범례를 참조하라
108	if you can figure out which countries have the highest imbalance.

***

-3	So remember the darker the color, the stronger
-1	the imbalance. So the dark blue Russian region and	푸른 색의 러시안 지역과
3	the dark red Saudi Arabian regions would have the	붉은 색의 사우디 아라비안 지역이 매우 불균형 이다
6	strongest imbalances. Other areas like China do have a
10	slight imbalance, too. You can see because it's pinkish	중국은 약간 불균형이다. 핑크 빛이다
14	not, not as dark red as Saudi Arabia, but	사우디 아라비아 만큼은 아니지만
16	they do have more males than females. And other	남성이 여성보다 많다
18	regions like Australia, Brazil, and Canada also have a	오스트레일리아, 브라질 그리고 캐나다 또한
22	slight imbalance, because you can see they're light blue, meaning that they have	약간 불균형이다. 약한 푸른색으로
25	more females than males. But they're not as blue as the Russian region is.	여성이 남성보다 더 많다. 그러나 러시안 지역 만큼 푸르지는 않다

***

13. Transmission of Traits

특질의 전달

***

-3	Up until now, we've been assuming a connection between related individuals. It's
1	a rather fundamental assumption. So fundamental, we don't even know we do it.
5	>> Well, that's because it goes without saying. At some point,
7	we all had to have a biological mother and a biological father.	생물학적 어머니와 아버지를 가지고 있어야 한다
11	>> And this is true. But for our purposes, it's important to make
14	[INAUDIBLE].
14	An explicit connection about the traits we share as a
17	family as well as the genetic component that we also
21	share. Here are two pictures of my parents, my biological
24	mom and my biological dad. Take a look at both	내가 어머니와 아버지 중에
28	and which do you think I look most like? Do	누굴 더 닮은 것 같은가
30	you think I look more like my mom or more
33	like my dad? Oh, Matt, that's a tough one. I
36	think I'm going to have to go with your mom, though.
38	>> Yeah, I think so, too.
40	Outside of our appearance, though, we may identify with
42	one parent or another because we may share a
45	particular trait that's visible or hidden, innate, or learned.
48	But it really raises a more interesting question. Why
52	do some of our traits looks like one parent,	왜 어떤 특질은 한쪽 부모를 닮는가
54	and other traits look like the other? So if
57	you're familiar with your bioloical parents, who do you
59	think you most resemble? Check the box that applies.

***

-3	This pie chart here, shows whether you and
1	many of your fellow classmates think you look like
3	your mom, your dad, both parents or you're not
7	sure. In my mind, I would imagine that there
10	would be roughly equal number of students who
12	think they look like either their mom of their	아마도 엄마와 아빠의 닮은 비율이 비슷할 것이다
14	dad. But based on that and looking at the
16	results here Do these results surprise you at all?

***

14. Ordering the Chaos

혼돈

***

-3	Trying to figure out how certain traits are inherited can	어떤 특질이 어떻게 유전되는지 알아내는 것은 어렵다
0	be really difficult. Sometimes we have a trait like one
3	of our parents or the other, and other times we	어떨때는 한쪽의 특질을 갖지만 또 어떤때는
5	may have a trait not like our parents at all.	양쪽 부모중 어느쪽 특질도 닮지 않기도 한다
8	Take these three examples of families with different traits. For	다양한 특질을 갖는 가족들의 3가지 사례를 보자
13	example, look at height in the first scenario. We have	첫째 키를 보자
16	two parents who are relatively short. Will have a son	두 부모가 상대적으로 키가 작다
18	that's taller than both of them. Much taller, in fact.	아들이 부모보다 훨신 클수 있을까
22	We have a family where the parents have a daughter	딸과 아기를 가진 가족에서 둘은 동일한 피부색을 갖을까
25	and a little baby. And they all share the same
28	skin color, roughly speaking. And in this third family, we	세번째 가족에서는
31	have one parent who has a disposition of being happy	한쪽 부모는 행복한 성향이고
35	all the time. And the other parent has a disposition	다른 한쪽은 항상 슬픈 성향이다
37	of being sad all the time. Both the daughter and	딸과 아들 모두 행복한 성향을 갖고 있다
40	the son have a disposition of being happy. What I
44	want you to tell me, is does the indicated trait appear
47	related to one or both of the parents at all? For
51	example, in the case of height, I want you to compare the
54	son to the parents. And see if it appears that in some
57	form or fashion whether it's a combination of the parents or one
60	of the parents sharing this trait, does the son appear related with
64	regards to this particular trait of height. And the same thing in	키, 피부색, 성향의 예에서
67	the scenario with skin color and the same thing with the scenario	자식에게 나타난 특질이 한쪽 또는 양쪽의 부모의 특질과 연관이 있다고 보는가
70	we set up for disposition. Go ahead and tell me which answer
73	you think is best for each case.

***

-3	So the answer to this question is that both the
-1	skin color and the disposition appear to be related in these
3	families, as opposed to height, doesn't appear to related in
7	our first family. Now what do we mean by this? All
11	I mean is that when we look at the son
12	here in the first example, he's much taller than the parents.	첫번째 예에서, 아들이 부모보다 많이 큰데
16	Both the parents are short, so we're asking the question,
19	where did the trait of the son being tall come from.	아들의 큰 키는 어디서 유래된 특질인가
22	Not only does it not appear to come from either one	부모의 한쪽에서 온것도 아니고 조합된 것도 아니다
24	of the parents individually, but it doesn't look to be a
26	combination of the pair's height either. In the case of skin
29	color and disposition though, we see that both the daughter and the	피부색의 경우 딸과 아기에게서 부모와 같은 피부 톤이 보이는데
32	baby share the same skin tone as the parents so it
36	appears as if that trait was related in this case. And	특질이 이경우는 연관이 있는 것으로 보인다
40	the same thing for disposition. While one parent seems to be
43	sad most or all of the time, the children are happy and
47	resemble what the other parent looks like most of the time,
50	which is having a happy or really cheery disposition. Now it's
54	really important to remember as we go through this lesson and
56	all the lessons in this course Just because a trait appears	특질은
59	to be related or to be inherited in a particular ways.	특정한 방법으로 유전되거나 연관되어 나타난다
63	Looks can be deceiving sometimes. And we will talk in great
66	detail about what aspects of traits have a genetic component and	특질의 어떤 점이 유전학적 인자를 갖는지 그리고 어떤 것이 환경적인 요인을 갖는지
71	which of those might have an environmental component down the line.

***

15. Epic Argument

역사적 논쟁

***

-3	Humans have been trying to figure out how traits are inherited	역사가 시작된 후 그들만의 특별한 방법으로
0	in all their peculiar ways since the beginning of recorded history.	어떻게 특질이 유전되는지 알아내기 위한 노력을 해왔다
3	>> Listen. I think we can even hear the eternal argument happening now.
8	>> You gotta be kidding me. Pea plants. I can explain blended	교잡 유전 - 히포크라테스
12	traits, but you think what works for pea plants works for humans?	완두콩의 경우가 인간에게도 적용되는가
14	>> My method explains all the traits	모든 유전 특질에 적용된다 - 멘델
15	that yours can't, even those that appear to	한세대 건너서도 설명이 된다
17	skip generations. After the rules of heredity
20	are true for all living things. From pea
22	plants to humans.
23	>> No, you guys are forgetting about the really complex
26	behavioral traits that play a big part in the environment.	환경에 의한 행동학적 유전 특질 - 스키너
28	>>
28	[CROSSTALK]
28	Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.
30	>> guys, there's no need to yell at each other. I'm sure this is something
33	we can settle with the friendly demonstration. Hippocrates
37	Why don't we go with your idea first?

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16. Blending Inheritance

융합 유전설 (교잡 유전설) - 히포크라테스

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-3	Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Hippocrates. I'm a natural	히포크라테스
1	philosopher from over 2400 years ago,	2400년전 철학자
4	and I've studied the mechanisms of inheritance.
6	>> Okay, well lay it on us.
8	>> It's called Blended Inheritance.	융합 유전설
10	>> Well, what's Blended Inheritance?
11	>> Blended Inheritance is the idea that
14	one particular trait in an offspring came
16	from one of the parents directly or is a mix of the parents traits.	한 부모에게서 직접 오던지, 또는 부모에게서 혼합된 형태로 특질이 유전된다는 개념이다
19	>> But how do you think that works, exactly? I'm not exactly sure,	정확하지는 않지만
23	but I've seen this fluid that comes from the	남성 생식기에서 나온 액체에서 보았다
24	male reproductive organ, and I think females probably have something	여성 생식기에도 비슷할 것이다
27	similiar. My theory is that it's a mix based	이것이 액체간의 교전에 의해 혼합된다는 이론이다
31	on the battle of fluids between the male and female.
34	>> Hm, well I'm pretty sure you're right about the male reproductive fluid.
38	>> But I think you're a little behind the times on the female fluid.
42	>> My theory is that these fluids are actually an
44	amalgamation of fluids from throughout the whole body. Each responsible
48	for forming that particular part. The fluid from the toes
51	is responsible for forming the toes, and the fluid from
54	the eyes is responsible for forming more eyes, and so
57	on. At conception, a battle of fluid takes place, and the
61	child will resemble aspects of whichever fluid wins that battle;	아이는 경합에서 이긴 액체의 특성을 닯게 된다
64	one or the other parents, or a mix of both. Ok.
68	I mean, even though we know a lot more about
70	how reproduction works now, your idea of blended inheritance does sound
73	kind of reasonable.
74	>> But, I can think of an example that breaks the rule of inheritance. Which
78	of the following scenarios do you think shows
80	that Hippocrates's blending model doesn't explain every trait?

***

-3	Hmmm. My theory can explain a child looking like Mom or Dad, or a mix of both of	히포크라테스 이론은 아이가 부모의 어느 한쪽을 닮거나 양쪽의 혼합은 경우에 대해 설명할 수 있다
2	them, but it cannot explain a trait that doesn't	그러나
6	look like it came from either of the parents.	부모중 어느 한쪽하고도 닮지 않은 경우는 설명할 수 없다
8	>> hah! I knew you'd need my help.
12	>> Okay, Gregor. How can you, how can you help us?	그레고어 (멘델) 의 이론으로는 설명할 수 있는가
15	>>

***

17. Particulate Inheritance

입자 유전 - 멘델

***

-3	My name is Gregor Mendel, and I think	멘델의 이론
-2	I can explain what Hypocrites' blending inheritance model cannot.	히포크라테스의 혼합 유전 모델이 설명하지 못하는 것을 멘델의 이론은 설명할 수 있다
2	>> Okay how's that?
3	>> Well, as a monk, I have quite a bit of quiet time, so I did some breeding
7	experiments with pea plants that were published in 1866,	완두콩 육종 시험을 했고 1866년에 책으로 정리하였다
10	which I think have some serious implications on human traits.	이것으로 인간의 특질도 어떻게 유전되는지 파악하게 되었다
13	>> Well, what was your model called?
14	>> I call it Particulate inheritance.	이 모델은, 입자 유전 이라고 부른다
20	Particulate inheritance means that characteristics can	입자 유전은, 형질은
22	be passed down from generation to generation through	세대에서 세대로 독립된 단위로 전달된다고 본다
25	individual units. I believe you call them genes nowadays?	이것은 현대에서 말하는 유전자 이다
28	>> Wow! I can't believe you figured all that out using just pea plants!	완두콩을 가지고 알아내다니 놀랍다
32	>> Why does everybody doubt the pea plants? Think about organisms collection
37	of genes, being more like a deck of cards rather than a pail	유기체의 유전자 들은, 페인트 통이 아니라, 카드 팩 같은 것이다
40	of paint. A red and white paint can be mixed and the result	붉고 흰 페인트는 혼합되어 분홍이 되지만,
43	would be pink, but passing that down, you'll never get true red again.	다시는 원래의 붉은 색이 되지는 못한다
48	Genes are more like cards, that can be sorted and	유전자는 카드와 같다. 정렬시킬수 있고
50	passed along, generation after generation in an undiluted form. Sometimes,	희석되지 않는 형태로 세대에서 세대로 물려줄 수 있다
55	the cards can be covered up so that they don't	가끔 카드들은 완전히 덮혀 있을 수도 있고
57	appear at all until they're passed down to the following generation.	다음 세대로 특질이 전달될 때 까지는 특질이 나타나지 않기도 한다
60	>> That's a pretty clever description. Which
63	of the following examples do you think
65	can be explained by particulate, but not	입자 유전으로 설명할 수 있으나
68	blended inheritance? Check all the boxes that apply.	혼합 유전으로는 설명할 없었던 것은 다음 예중 어떤 것인가

***

-3	The example of balding, flower petal color, and heart
0	condition all reveal offspring with traits that do not appear	부모에게서 나타나지 않았던 특질이 자식에게서 나타난 사례들이 해당된다
3	in the parents. Thus, this cannot be explained by	이런 것은 혼합 유전으로는 설명할 수 없다
6	blending inheritance. But, it could be explained by particulate inheritance.	입자 유전에서만 설명 가능하다

***

18. Two Copies

두개의 복사본

***

-3	But wait, I don't understand. Let's take the	이해가 안가는 부분이 있는데
-1	girl with the heart condition. Neither one of her	어떤 소녀가 심장 질환이 있다고 했을 때
2	parents have the same condition. So how can they	부모는 둘중 아무도 이 질환이 없는 경우
4	be responsible if they don't share the same trait?	어떻게 이같은 특질이 전달 된 것인가
6	>> Well, one of the big discoveries that I picked up on is that	내가 발견한 것중 가장 큰 것이
10	living organisms have 2 copies of every	살아있는 생명체들은 모든 유전자를 2 쌍을
12	gene. And though these copies can be different	가지고 있다는 것이다
14	from each other. Only one manifests itself as a trait in a certain generation.	이들 복사본은 서로 다를 수 있고, 반드시 하나만 특정 세대에서 유전 특질로 발현된다는 것이다
18	Let's use our deck of playing cards as an example. Let's imagine that each pair	카드 패에서 각각 2장의 카드를 갖는다고 해보자
23	has 2 playing cards each. A six of	숫자 6은
25	hearts which correlates with a normal functioning heart, and	일반적인 기능을 하는 심장과 연관이 있다고 보자. 그리고
28	an ace which can cause the abnormal heart condition.	에이스는 비정상적인 심장 상태의 원인이라고 하자
32	Even though one of the copies in the pair	비록 두장 중에 한장이
35	causes the heart condition It's hidden, as long	심장 상태의 원인인데도 숨겨져 있는 한,
39	as the other copy has normal function. So the
42	parent appears to have normal heart function, even though	하나는 정상, 다른 하나는 비정상일지라도, 부모는 정상 심장 기능을 갖게 된다
45	they have one normal copy, and one abnormal copy.
48	When the parents have a child, each parent randomly	부모가 아이를 갖을 때, 각 부모는 카드중 하나를
52	passes on one of the cards. As long as	무작위로 넘겨주는데
55	the child ends up with at least one number	아이가 정상 심장 기능을 하나라도 갖으면 되는데
58	card She'll have normal heart function, but if she	아이가 두장다 에이스를 받는다면, 이 아이는
61	ends up with two aces she'll suffer from that	비정상 심장 상태로 고통받게 된다
64	abnormal heart condition. So see if you can figure
67	out how many total possible combinations there are if	다음에서 두 부모에게서 한명의 아이를 갖는다고 했을 때,
71	these two parents have a child. And how many combinations	전체 몇가지의 조합이 있을 수 있겠는가
74	would result in the heart condition.	몇가지의 심장 상태 조합이 가능한가

***

-3	Let's look at this. If each parent randomly passes down one card,	각 부모는 각각 무작위로 하나의 카드를 넘겨준다
1	there are three combinations total. So if you notice, only one out	그러면 총 3가지의 조합이 가능하다
6	of the three have two aces. So only one of these combinations	2개다 에이스 인 경우
11	would give you the abnormal heart condition. Let's go back to Matt.	비정상 심장 상태가 될 수 있다
15	>> That's right. So even though the parents didn't show	따라서, 부모가 심장에 문제가 없었더라도
18	the heart condition The child ended up with a trait	자식에게서 부모가 보이지 않았던 특질이
23	that neither parent showed. All because there are two	나타날 수 있었던 것이다
27	copies, and one version was hidden by the other.	두개의 복사본이 있으므로, 하나는 다른 것 뒤에 숨겨져 있을 수 있다
29	>> That's all very interesting, but you're missing out on
32	all the other traits that have an important environmental component.	이때 환경적 요인을 갖는 모든 다양한 특질이 있다고 주장하며, 미국의 스키너 가 등장한다
35	>> Okay, well Skinner, let's hear it.

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19. Nature vs Nurture

***

-3	I'm B.F. Skinner, and Hippocrates and Mendel have done some nice work, but
1	are missing how important the environment can
2	be in shaping traits, particularly behavioral ones.
5	>> So are you referring to that classic phrase, nature versus nurture?
9	>> Yeah, somewhat. When I was at Harvard in grad school
12	in the early 1930s I came up with this whole experiment that
16	tested the influence in the environment through conditioning. For example, I can
20	put a rat in this chamber, and then flash the green light.
22	If the rat pushes the lever, it gets food. But if
25	the rat pushes the lever whenever the red light is up,
28	it gets a mild electric shock instead. Over time, the rat
31	learns only to push the lever when the green light is on.
33	>> So you're talking about behavioral traits, where
36	reward and punishment play a significant role. And
38	this is any type of trait, right? Like
40	aggression or even behaviors. Like, interacting with other people.
43	>> That's right. Understanding the stimuli is really important
45	if we're going to understand the complex traits and
48	the hereditary and environmental components.
50	>> If you're interested in learning
52	more about conditioning and B.F. Skinner, check
54	out udacity's Intro to Psychology course. We'll post a link on this page.

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